Road Safety - Considerations In Support Of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

AT TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORT AND TRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FACILITATION Series 10 Road Safety- Considerations Support 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Road Safety Considerations Support 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2 © 2017, United Nations work open access complying Creative Commons licence created intergovernmental organizations, http://creativecommons.org/licenses//3.0/igo/. findings, interpretations conclusions expressed authors necessarily reflect views United Nations officials Member States. designation employed presentation material map work imply expression opinion whatsoever part United Nations legal status country, territory, city area authorities, delimitation frontiers boundaries. Photocopies reproductions excerpts allowed proper credits. publication formally edited. United Nations publication issued United Nations Conference Trade Development. UNCTAD/DTL/TLB/2017/4 ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3 Acknowledgements study prepared Anila Premti support Policy Legislation Section, Division Technology Logistics, UNCTAD, guidance Jan Hoffmann, Chief Trade Logistics Branch, Regina Asariotis, Chief Policy Legislation Section. Valuable comments earlier drafts report reviewers United Nations Economic Commission Europe. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4 Table contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 3 Table contents ...................................................................................................................................... 4 List boxes ............................................................................................................................................. 5 List tables ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................5-6 Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................7-9 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 10-12 1 Road safety targets initiatives ......................................................................................... 12-15 1.1 Global Plan Decade Action Road Safety 2011-2020 .............................. 12-14 1.2 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development ................................................................ 14-15 2 Road Safety facts, trends challenges ............................................................................. 15-19 3 International legal instruments road safety ....................................................................... 19-29 3.1 Road traffic safety ........................................................................................................ 20-25 3.2 Vehicle harmonization ................................................................................................. 25-27 3.3 Transport dangerous goods .................................................................................... 27-28 3.4 Road transport infrastructure ............................................................................................. 28 3.5 instruments .............................................................................................................. 28 4 Road safety 2030 Agenda, context infrastructure planning ..... 29-35 4.1 Relevant MDB activities developing countries ............................................................. 35 5 role selected United Nations agencies bodies road safety .................... 36-44 5.1 United Nations Conference Trade Development (UNCTAD) .......................... 36-37 5.2 World Health Organization (WHO) ……………………………………………………… 37 5.3 United Nations Economic Commission Europe (UNECE) ..................................... 37-38 5.4 United Nations Economic Commission Africa (UNECA) .............................................. 38 5.5 United Nations Economic Commission Latin America Caribbean (UNECLAC) ....................................................................................................................... 38 5.6 United Nations Economic Social Commission Asia Pacific (UNESCAP)………………………………………………………………………………….. .... 39 5.7 United Nations Economic Social Commission Western Asia (UNECWA) ............ 39 5.8 Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) ...................................................................... 39-40 5.9 International Transport Forum (ITF) OECD .............................................................. 40-42 5.10 International Road Federation (IRF) .................................................................................. 42 5.11 International Road Union (IRU) Commission Road Safety (CSR) .......................... 42-43 5.12 Global Network Road Safety Legislators ...................................................................... 43 5.13 Sustainable Mobility AllTM (SuM4AllTM) initiative .................................................. 43-44 6 Concluding remarks recommendations ........................................................................... 44-46 6.1 Legal regulatory framework ...................................................................................... 44-45 6.2 Infrastructure planning support road safety ............................................................ 45-46 6.3 Data ........................................................................................................................... 46 Annex .............................................................................................................................................. 47-50 References ........................................................................................................................................ 51-53 ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 5 List boxes Box 1: Road safety findings ............................................................................................................. 17-18 Box 2: Relevant paragraphs AAAA ....................................................................................... 29-30 Box 3: Extract national road safety strategy action plan ................................................ 32 List tables Table 1: Main international legal instruments related road safety, open worldwide membership ........................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2: Parties Convention Road Traffic, 19 September 1949 30 November 2017 .................................................................................................................... 21 Table 3: Parties Convention Road Traffic, 8 November 1968 30 November 2017 ................................................................................................................... 22 Table 4: Parties Protocol Road Signs Signals, 19 September 1949 30 November 2017 ................................................................................................................... 24 Table 5: Parties Convention Road Signs Signals, 8 November 1968 30 November 2017 ............................................................................................................. 24-25 Table 6: Parties Agreement Uniform Technical Prescriptions, 1958 30 November 2017 .......................................................................................................... 26 Table 7: Parties Agreement Periodical Technical Inspections Vehicles , 1997 30 November 217 ............................................................................................................ 26 Table 8: Parties Agreement Global Technical Regulations Vehicles, 1998, 30 November 2017 .............................................................................................................. 26-27 Table 9: Parties European Agreement International Carriage Dangerous Goods Road (ADR), 1957, 30 November 2017 ..................................................... 27-28 Table 10: Consolidated list Contracting Parties main UN road traffic safety instruments, 30 November 2017 .......................................................................................................... 47-50 Abbreviations AAAA Addis Ababa Action Agenda CRS Commission Road Safety IRF International Road Federation ITF International Transport Forum ( OECD) IRU International Road Union LDCs Developed Countries MDBs Multilateral Development Banks ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 6 OECD Organization Economic Cooperation Development SIDS Small Island Developing States UNCTAD United Nations Conference Trade Development UNECE United Nations Economic Commission Europe UNECA United Nations Economic Commission Africa UNECLAC United Nations Economic Commission Latin America Caribbean UNECWA United Nations Economic Social Commission Western Asia UNRSC United Nations Road Safety Collaboration ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 7 Executive Summary field transport, focus UNCTAD’ work international maritime multimodal transport, interests developing countries heart work mandate. Transport important trade global economy facilitates access jobs services, helps develop economy reduce poverty. Sustainable transport essential achieving goals 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, related food security, health, energy, infrastructure cities, human settlements, climate change. report prepared part UNCTAD’ contribution progress implementing road safety targets context 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. day 3,500 road deaths occur worldwide. year 1.25 million people die, additional 50 million injured permanently disabled road accidents. 90 cent road traffic deaths occur middle-income countries, countries 54 cent world’ vehicles. large number annual deaths road traffic accidents, listed main challenges caused unsustainable transport, generation quarter greenhouse gas emissions transport sector. report concentrates relevant international regulatory framework, highlights potential relevance implementing existing conventions international legal instruments field road safety, , underlines importance supportive legal regulatory framework means improving achievement sustainable development goals. report highlights number worldwide international legal instruments aim facilitate international road traffic means adoption uniform road traffic rules, documents, signs signals, construction technical inspection vehicles, road infrastructure, driving times rest periods professional drivers, safe transport dangerous goods hazardous materials. implementation bring safer mobility behavior road users, safer roads safer vehicles. report presents overview developing countries membership worldwide instruments, explains legally binding nature States Parties , encourages wide adoption full application, order advance swift implementation targets related road safety. addition, report recognizes sustainable transport sustainable, inclusive high- quality infrastructure, cross-cutting importance increasing economic growth, attaining sustainable development goals. highlights efforts, activities initiatives undertaken international agencies bodies field road safety, aligns UNCTAD’ role efforts, pursuant renewed mandate, reflected Nairobi Maafikiano. accordance , UNCTAD , continue work field transport trade logistics, contribution effective implementation international agreements outcomes recognize role transport infrastructure implementation 2030 Agenda, including relevant outcomes Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA). ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 8 Key points Legal regulatory framework - Countries worldwide, developing countries, acceding fully implementing latest relevant versions United Nations legal instruments road safety, , view fact reflect additions updates international rules requirements road safety. - Developing countries strengthen national road safety legislations, establish regional instruments regulations, , work achieving greater consistency relevant international instruments. - Collaboration multiple stakeholders, including regional - regional organizations institutions, strengthened. UNCTAD, international organizations bodies active field road safety, play role providing advice assistance policymakers stakeholders developing countries, respect effective implementation relevant international legal instruments national / regional level. Infrastructure planning support road safety - Infrastructure investment plans continue part national sustainable development strategies. International organizations potentially contribute creating enabling domestic environment developing countries, providing technical support translate plans concrete projects, implement . Road infrastructure safety elements considerations included infrastructure projects. International organizations contribute capacity building skills development ensure safe road design, road safety audits, impact assessments. - view high urgency sensitivity issue, governments developing countries development partners, integrate mainstream road safety elements considerations support relevant sustainable development goals targets, including target 3.6 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, relation infrastructure planning projects, . - context, important integrate climate considerations enhance climate change adaptation resilience transport infrastructure. - Governments stakeholders embrace policies, actions effective reducing road safety risks, making cycling walking safe reducing risks motorized -wheelers; prioritize safety adopting technologies autonomous passenger cars automated traffic control systems. - Important input contributions respect road safety matters, international organizations bodies, including Multilateral Development Banks, , . context, UNCTAD expresses readiness continue cooperate, recognizing future work field require renewed efforts funding coordination. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 9 Data - Data statistics important role play tracking progress implementation sustainable development goals targets agreed indicators. - Obtaining data statistics, including technologies, analysis, potential provide previously unavailable depth insight wide range issues related road safety, prioritized. - existing data technology knowledge expertise , risk assessment, employee training, programme monitoring. instance, improved risk assessment, vulnerabilities negative events incidents identified, responsible stakeholders prioritize actions responses reduce risk place. - identifying risks vulnerable areas, gaps training training identified . training effective, customized courses adapted stakeholders’ , policies practices, recommended. - addition, monitoring tracking progress relevant programmes projects general, benefit data, technologies, customized training, contributing improving compliance helping stakeholders achieve set objectives, implementing sustainable development goals. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 10 Introduction Sustainable international maritime multimodal transport, focus interests developing countries, areas UNCTAD’ work mandate.1 Transport important trade global economy facilitates access jobs services, helps develop economy reduce poverty. Sustainable resilient transport key sustainable development cross-cutting issues relevance achievement progress sustainable development goals targets, including target 1.5, goal 9, goal 13, goal 14 relevant context maritime transport. , pursuant renewed mandate, accordance Nairobi Maafikiano, paragraph 100 (), UNCTAD continue contribute effective implementation international agreements outcomes recognize role transport infrastructure implementation 2030 Agenda. include relevant outcomes AAAA, relate transport infrastructure. Sustainable transport essential achieving goals 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. represented dedicated sustainable development goal, sustainable transport mainstreamed goals targets, related food security, health, energy, infrastructure cities, human settlements. addition, enhancing sustainability climate change resilience, adaptation disaster risk reduction transport infrastructure developing countries, LDCs SIDS, continue important area UNCTAD work accordance paragraphs 55 () () Nairobi Maafikiano, creating synergies -benefits achievement broader sustainable transport imperatives. work assists relevant countries appropriately respond impacts climate change establish policy, regulatory institutional frameworks contribute infrastructure development, supporting implementation paragraphs 55 (), 76() (). addition, advisory work legal regulatory issues, UNCTAD continue support implementation paragraph 38 () Nairobi Maafikiano. Worth noting Global Sustainable Transport Conference, held 27-28 November 2016 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan,2 highlighted importance sustainable transport promoting economic social development protecting environment. large number annual deaths road traffic accidents, mentioned main challenges caused unsustainable transport, generation quarter greenhouse gas emissions transport sector.3 Road traffic deaths injuries pressing issues 1 information, http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/Trade-Logistics-Branch.aspx. work maritime multimodal transport law policy related issues ship-source pollution, ship port security safety, implications climate change maritime transport, http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/TTL/Legal.aspx. Paragraphs 10, 11 12 Nairobi Maafikiano (UNCTAD, 2016), general relevance transport trade facilitation subparagraphs direct relevance: 38 (), (), (), (), () (); 55 (), ()–(), (), (aa) (gg); 76 (), (), (), () (); 100 () (). 2 information, https://sustainabledevelopment..org/Global-Sustainable-Transport-Conference-2016. contribution conference report United Nations Secretary-General’ High-Level Group Sustainable Transport (United Nations, 2016). 3 final document conference, https://sustainabledevelopment..org/content/documents/11987Ashgabatstatement.pdf, paragraph 24. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 11 faced transport sector, making road safety relevant key priority. day 3,500 road deaths occur worldwide. 4 year 1.25 million people die road accidents, figure changed significantly 2007. addition, 50 million injured permanently disabled road accidents. 90 percent road traffic deaths occur middle-income countries, countries 54 percent world’ vehicles (WHO, 2015a). Road safety important sustainable development issue illustrated express inclusion 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, targets 3.6 - aiming reduction global road traffic deaths injuries 50 cent 2020; 11.2 – aiming provide access safe, affordable, accessible sustainable transport systems 2030. improving road safety acknowledged United Nations Member States 60 years, extensive work carried United Nations regional commissions, World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank. , road safety receiving increased international attention, including launch relevant initiatives activities. include, launch, 2011, accordance United Nations General Assembly resolution 64/255, Global Plan Decade Action Road Safety 2011-2020 ( Global Plan)5 (WHO, 2011), developed United Nations Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC),6 providing framework activities aimed stabilizing reducing forecast level road traffic fatalities world 2020; appointment 2015, United Nations Secretary-General' Special Envoy Road Safety,7 Jean Todt, working road safety priority worldwide, helping mobilize sustained political commitment globally. United Nations General Assembly resolution 70/260 Improving global road safety, adopted April 2016, reaffirmed adoption targets road safety, specifically targets 3.6 11.2, acknowledged reducing road traffic deaths injuries urgent development priority. endorsed outcome document Global High-Level Conference Road Safety, held November 2015, Brasilia Declaration Road Safety. 8 resolution invited major development conferences - United Nations Conference Housing Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III, Quito, Ecuador, October 2016)9 9th Global Conference Health Promotion (Shanghai, China, November 2016)10 - give consideration road safety sustainable mobility generally, paying special attention vulnerable situations, including people disabilities. resolution called governments leading role implementing road safety-related SDG targets activities Decade Action Road Safety 2011-2020, invited international community 4 http://www.irap.org/en/-irap/-. footnote 74. 5 information goals, road safety pillars implementation, UNECE (2015). 6 Established follow General Assembly Resolution 58/289 April 2004, recognizing United Nations system support efforts address global road safety crisis. UNRSC chaired WHO UN regional commissions rotating vice chairs. informal consultative mechanism brought international organizations, governments, NGOs private sector entities coordinate effective responses road safety issues provide good practice guidelines 2004. 7 information, http://www.unece.org/-sgs-special-envoy--road-safety/-sgs-special-envoy--road- safety.html. 8 http://www..int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/Final_Brasilia_declaration_EN.pdfua=1 9 http://habitat3.org/ 10 http://www..int/healthpromotion/conferences/9gchp/en/ ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 12 intensify national international collaboration view meeting ambitious road safety-related targets 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development.11 worth noting context goals targets 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, goal 9, building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive sustainable industrialization fostering innovation, relevant context transport infrastructure. Progressing improving transport infrastructure, road transport infrastructure, contribute closer road safety fatality reduction target 3.6, important benefits relate goals targets . Transport infrastructure long-lasting, impacts related measures countries local national level, cities, urban development, environment, climate change. hand, sustainable transport helps create infrastructure sustainable future built. “ access trade, jobs, markets, education, health care services contribute lives. empowers women, persons disabilities vulnerable groups.”12 part report outline main road safety targets initiatives, part presents relevant road safety facts, trends challenges. part summarizes relevant international legal instruments field road safety, open worldwide membership, encourages accession , developing countries, underlines importance wide implementation. fourth part report highlights relevance road safety targets implementation 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, context infrastructure planning, part lists roles activities selected United Nations agencies bodies active field road safety. Finally, concluding remarks provide insights recommendations , developing countries. 1. Road transport safety targets initiatives 1.1 Global Plan Decade Action Road Safety 2011-2020 United Nations General Assembly resolution 64/255 Improving global road safety, adopted March 2010, addition proclaiming period 2011–2020 Decade Action Road Safety, “ goal stabilize reduce forecast level road traffic fatalities world increasing activities conducted national, regional global levels” (paragraph 2), calls Member States implement road safety activities, “ areas road safety management, road infrastructure, vehicle safety, road user behavior, including distractions traffic, road safety education post-crash care” (paragraph 6). 11 Earlier United Nations General Assembly resolutions Improving global road safety include 68/269 (2014), 66/260 (2012), 64/255 (2010), 62/244 (2008), 60/5 (2005), 58/289 (2004). 12 information, , https://sustainabledevelopment..org/page=view&nr=1131&type=230&menu=2059 ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 13 Global Plan, activities Decade place local, national, regional global levels, primary focus local level actions. national local level, countries encouraged implement activities pillars : Pillar 1: Road safety management – Including adhering / fully implementing UN legal instruments encourage creation regional road safety instruments. Pillar 2: Safer roads mobility – raising safety protective quality road networks benefit road users, vulnerable (.. pedestrians, bicyclists motorcyclists). Pillar 3: Safer vehicles – encouraging universal deployment improved vehicle safety technologies. Pillar 4: Safer road users – developing comprehensive programmes improve road user behavior. Pillar 5: Post crash response – increasing responsiveness post-crash emergencies improving treatment longer-term rehabilitation crash victims (WHO (2011), pages 12- 17). international road safety coordination activities, WHO United Nations regional commissions coordinate regular monitoring, framework United Nations Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC), global progress meeting targets identified plan action. Relevant activities include : Activity 1: Encourage, , increase funding road safety. Activity 2: Advocate road safety highest levels facilitate collaboration multiple stakeholders, including NGOs international financial institutions. Activity 3: Increase awareness risk factors enhanced prevention road traffic crashes. Activity 4: Provide guidance countries strengthening road safety management systems implementing road safety good practices trauma care. Activity 5: Improve quality road safety data collected (WHO (2011), pages 18-19). track progress implementation targets Global Plan, target 3.6 halving road traffic deaths injuries 2020, years, Secretary-General United Nations, transmits report improving global road safety, prepared WHO consultation United Nations regional commissions partners UNRSC. report update implementation recommendations contained General Assembly resolutions ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 14 Improving global road safety,13 including description activities achievements global road safety community, pillars, pursuance objectives Decade Action, previous report, provide recommendations, including General Assembly. instance, reports (/70/386 (2015) /72/359 (2017)), stock activities events Governments stakeholders implement recommendations relevant United Nations resolutions meet goals Decade Action. reports continued draw attention Governments stakeholders problem road traffic accidents consequences public health development, called action needed undertaken meet sustainable development goals reducing road traffic deaths, regard protecting vulnerable road users, enacting enforcing good road safety laws addressing vehicle infrastructure safety. reports recognized funding needed support road safety activities Decade Action .14 1.2 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development adoption 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development September 2015, road safety expressly included important sustainable development issue, targets 3.6 11.2, related health cities. Target 3.6 pledges halve 2020 “ number global deaths injuries road traffic accidents,” serving incentive action international community accelerating progress achieving -needed reduction global road traffic deaths. Target 11.2 calls providing, 2030, “access safe, affordable, accessible sustainable transport systems , improving road safety”. addition, target 9.1 calls developing “quality, reliable, sustainable resilient infrastructure”, including investments transport infrastructure. goals related targets universal nature applicable United Nations Member States, represent strong international road safety commitments, renewed momentum Decade Action Road Safety 2011-2020. Road safety important development issue road accidents, addition major public health issue, causing human deaths injuries, bring costs economic losses, including arising medical treatment, lost productivity disabled, time work school family members care injured. UNECE (2015a), road traffic accidents cost cent world’ gross domestic product (GDP), roughly US$ 750 billion year. addition, progressing achieving road safety target, important benefits relate sustainable development goals, including related transport climate change. achievement target 3.6, halve number road traffic fatalities 2020, reducing 600,000 compared 1.25 million. ambitious compared previous targets. Decade Action goal stabilize reduce projected increase fatalities 1 million year 2020 – 20 percent reduction. 13 footnote 11 . 14 paragraphs 76 77 2015 report 98 99 2017 report. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 15 , Decade Action mid-term 2015,15 significant change observed number global annual road traffic deaths. countries met target, middle-income countries death rates increasing ( Guardian, 2015). , actual situation road traffic fatalities remains unacceptable, change. sustainable development goals targets, ensure implementation targets related road safety, robust follow- review mechanism, accompanied solid framework indicators statistical data monitor progress, needed. global indicator framework16 adopted General Assembly July 2017 contained General Assembly resolution Work Statistical Commission pertaining 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development (/RES/71/313). 2. Road safety facts, trends challenges WHO (2017a), latest key facts road traffic injuries include : - 1.25 million people die year result road traffic crashes. 20 50 million people suffer -fatal injuries, incurring disability result injury. - Road traffic injuries leading death people aged 15 29 years. People aged 15 44 years account 48 cent global road traffic deaths. young age, males involved road traffic crashes females. quarters (73 cent) road traffic deaths occur young males age 25 years 3 times killed road traffic crash, young females. - 90 cent world' fatalities roads occur - middle-income countries, countries approximately 54 cent world' vehicles. Road traffic injury death rates highest African region. high-income countries, people socioeconomic backgrounds involved road traffic crashes. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data (www..int/gho/road_safety/en/), presenting road traffic death rate WHO region income level: 2013, - middle-income countries higher road traffic fatality rates 100.000 population (24.1 18.4, ) compared high-income countries (9.2). African region highest road traffic fatality rate, 26.6, European region lowest rate, 9.3. - dying world’ roads “vulnerable road users”: pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists. - Road traffic crashes cost countries 3 cent gross domestic product (GDP). 15 Progress Decade reviewed Global High-Level Conference Road Safety held Brasilia 2015, bi-annual United Nations General Assembly debates. review place April 2018. 16 Developed Inter-Agency Expert Group SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) agreed , refinements, 48th session United Nations Statistical Commission held March 2017. information SDG indicators, https://unstats..org/sdgs/indicators/database/. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 16 - sustained action, road traffic crashes predicted seventh leading death 2030. - newly adopted 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development set ambitious target halving global number deaths injuries road traffic crashes 2020. released Global Mobility Report 2017 (World Bank, 2017): - Road transport accounts 97 percent deaths 93 percent costs. - roads, fatality risk motorcyclists 20 times higher car occupants, cycling walking, 7 9 times higher risk car travel, . Bus occupants 10 times safer car occupants. Rail air safest transport modes. - Globally, 40 50 percent traffic fatalities occur urban areas. - Evidence suggests highest fatality rates occur cities developing world— proportion fatalities urban areas high rising - middle- income countries. - Unsafe mobility transport modes pose significant public health risks, lead social economic losses. Road crashes estimated cost countries USD 1,800 billion, 3 cent GDP globally, - middle-income countries, economic losses equivalent 5 cent GDP USD 1,000 billion year (WHO, 2015b). addition, steady improvement progress observed select income countries 2001-2010, - middle-income countries trend increasing death rates observed period. terms numbers, countries making progress, situation deteriorating , - middle- income countries . , activities undertaken, investments , proved inadequate stop reverse rise road traffic deaths, target halving number global deaths injuries road traffic accidents appears achieved 2020. Major challenges identified include: limited application effective road safety policies legislation, / minimum standards vehicle road construction, middle-income countries; inadequate funding global road safety initiatives, estimated $770 million year required achieve reductions road fatalities injuries envisaged SDGs (TowardsZeroFoundation, 2017). Road safety depends human/driver behavior, vehicle safety, infrastructure quality, regulatory framework. worth noting accommodate human error, Safe System approach road safety embraced WHO bodies active field, including part Global Plan. concept Safe System, context road safety, originated Sweden Netherlands 1980s 1990s, “scientists policy makers began question prevailing view safety road users , instance, responsibility task road safety policy primarily influence road users’ behaviour act safely times. decades-long decreases number road fatalities severe injuries levelling , clear predominant focus education, information, regulation enforcement longer delivering progress. rethink needed” (OECD/ITF, 2016). ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 17 Safe System approach aims ensure safe transport system road users, “takes account people’ vulnerability injuries road traffic crashes recognizes system designed forgiving human error” (WHO, 2017a). main elements approach safe roads roadsides, safe speeds, safe vehicles, safe road users, addressed, order eliminate fatal crashes reduce injuries. Main risk factors include: speeding; driving influence alcohol psychoactive substances; nonuse motorcycle helmets, seat-belts, child restraints; distracted driving; unsafe road infrastructure; unsafe vehicles; inadequate post-crash care; inadequate enforcement traffic laws. Box 1: road safety findings WHO (2017a), UNECE (2015b) ITF (2017b): - Inappropriate excessive speed reported 30 cent fatal road crashes. increase 1 km/ vehicle speed results increase 3 cent incidence crashes resulting injury increase 4–5 cent incidence fatal crashes. adult pedestrian’ risk dying 20 cent struck car 50 km/ 60 cent hit 80 km/. UNECE region, countries reduced speed limits towns 50 km/, urban areas 30 km/. motorways, varies 100 km/ 130 km/. - countries drink-driving major contributor fatal crashes, fatal crashes. case drink-driving, risk road traffic crash starts levels blood alcohol concentration (BAC) increases significantly driver' BAC ≥ 0.04 /dl. majority UNECE countries apply maximum BAC 0.05 cent. case drug-driving, risk incurring road traffic crash increased differing degrees depending psychoactive drug . , risk fatal crash occurring amphetamines 5 times risk . - Wearing motorcycle helmet correctly reduce risk death 40 cent risk severe injury 70 cent. Wearing helmets cyclists compulsory countries (.. Australia, Finland Zealand) countries require helmet children. -Wearing seat-belt reduces risk fatality front-seat passengers 40–50 cent rear- seat passengers 25–75 cent. majority countries mandatory seatbelt laws front seats, rear car seats. , UNECE countries instance, high levels compliance, difference seatbelt usage seatbelt usage front rear car seats, values typically ranging 80 100 cent front seats 3 90 cent rear seats. - correctly installed , child restraints reduce deaths infants approximately 70 cent deaths small children 54 cent 80 cent. - types distractions lead impaired driving, caused mobile phones growing concern road safety. Drivers mobile phones approximately 4 times involved crash drivers mobile phone. Hands-free phones safer hand- held phone sets, texting considerably increases risk crash. countries laws prohibiting hand-held mobile phones driving, drivers hand-held hand-free mobile phones countries. - road infrastructure, ideally, roads designed keeping mind safety road users. making adequate facilities pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 18 Measures footpaths, cycling lanes, safe crossing points, traffic calming measures critical reducing risk injury road users. data Asian Highway Database UNESCAP, primary class Asian Highway roads safety record, class III worst record. upgrading roads access-controlled primary class significant benefits reducing fatality rates. - Safe vehicles play critical role averting crashes reducing likelihood injury. number UN regulations vehicle safety , applied countries’ manufacturing production standards, potentially save lives. include requiring vehicle manufacturers meet front side impact regulations, include electronic stability control ( prevent -steering) ensure airbags seat-belts fitted vehicles. basic standards, risk traffic injuries – vehicle – considerably increased. - Care injuries crash occurred extremely time-sensitive: delays minutes difference life death. - traffic laws enforced perceived enforced complied chance influencing behaviour. Effective enforcement includes establishing, regularly updating, enforcing laws national, municipal, local levels address abovementioned risk factors. includes definition penalties. noted, road safety depends number factors, including driver behavior, infrastructure quality, vehicle safety measures regulatory environment. , improvements achieved factors. UNECE (2015b), key challenges affect road safety performance include: slow lack improvement road safety global level; ineffective road safety management; weak regulatory frameworks underfunded road safety management national local levels; insufficient maintenance road infrastructure clear road signs markings; application traffic rules tailored local environment, .. category road; lack periodic vehicle maintenance; overrepresented motorcycle, bicycle pedestrian casualties road accidents, adequately addressed; lack insufficient public transport, traffic management safe infrastructure pedestrians cyclists; lack collection road safety data accordance international standards; insufficient insurance coverage countries; improvement post- crash trauma care. Road safety laws effective improving road user behavior reduce road traffic injuries deaths, relate main risk factors road safety, : speed, drink-driving, motorcycle helmets, seat-belts child restraints. 2008 2011, 35 countries adopted laws address key risk factors, showing concrete progress . , 2013, 28 countries, covering 7 cent world’ population, comprehensive road safety laws key risk factors (WHO, 2013). 2015, reported 2013, 17 countries representing 5.7 cent world’ population amended laws, aligning , practices key risk factors. , countries lag terms ensuring laws meet international standards. addition, effort needed optimizing enforcement efforts improve potential road safety laws reduce injuries deaths (WHO, 2015b). ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 19 addition, safe vehicles play important role preventing road accidents. , progress improving road safety legislation making vehicles safer, pace legislative change slow. 2015, 80 cent countries world, middle-income countries fail meet basic international standards vehicle safety (WHO, 2015b). , reductions fatalities related car drivers/passengers, due increased passive safety cars, improved speed management effective drink-driving policies. , statistics unsatisfactory vulnerable road users (ITF, 2014). , die road traffic crashes protection, motorcyclists (23 cent), pedestrians (22 cent) cyclists (4 cent). poorer economies world highest proportion pedestrian cyclist deaths, African Region 43 percent (WHO, 2015b). roads - middle-income countries lack safe infrastructure, notably pedestrians cyclists. context, road users consideration making policy decisions enacting laws related road safety. , save lives, country implement minimum United Nations vehicle safety standards, promote walking cycling, accompanied effective speed management pedestrian cycling facilities. Governments limit import sale -standard vehicles countries. areas improvement improving road safety include: improving quality data road traffic injuries harmonizing data line international standards; lead agency authority resources develop national road safety strategy implementation oversee; improving quality care suffer road traffic injury. important road safety factor, infrastructure quality, dealt greater detail Part 5 . 3. International legal instruments road safety main international conventions instruments related road safety, negotiated adopted governments auspices United Nations Economic Commission Europe (UNECE), 17 include aiming facilitate international road traffic : adoption uniform road traffic rules, documents, signs signals; harmonization construction standards technical inspection vehicles; safe transportation dangerous goods hazardous materials; setting driving times rest periods professional drivers; improvement road infrastructure. number instruments, considered global , open accession UNECE Member States, Member States United Nations eligible State, invitation.18 legally binding States Parties . evidenced 17 full list information UNECE instruments, http://www.unece.org/leginstr/trans.html. 18 instruments, road traffic safety, listed Table 1 , addition United Nations Member States, accession State invited General Assembly United Nations Party . instruments listed table, addition UNECE Member States, accession countries Members United Nations invited UNECE participate consultative capacity consideration ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20 membership, addition important building uniform transport regulations European countries, legal instruments applied countries worldwide.19 Table 1. Main international legal instruments related road safety, open worldwide membership 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Convention Road Traffic, 19 September 1949 Convention Road Traffic, 8 November 1968 Protocol Road Signs Signals, 19 September 1949 Convention Road Signs Signals, 8 November 1968 Agreement Adoption Harmonized Technical United Nations Regulations Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment Parts Fitted / Wheeled Vehicles Conditions Reciprocal Recognition Approvals Granted Basis United Nations Regulations, 1958. Agreement Adoption Uniform Conditions Periodical Technical Inspections Wheeled Vehicles Reciprocal Recognition Inspections, 13 November 1997 Agreement Establishing Global Technical Regulations Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment Parts Fitted / Wheeled Vehicles, 1998 European Agreement International Carriage Dangerous Goods Road (ADR) Main international legal instruments road safety, -categorized : 3.1 Road traffic safety - Convention Road Traffic, 19 September 1949. Entry force: 26 March 1952; Signatories: 19 (6 developing countries); Parties: 97 (57 developing countries).20 - Convention Road Traffic, 8 November 1968. Entry force: 21 1977; Signatories: 36 (12 developing countries); Parties: 75 (30 developing countries). Conventions aim facilitate international road traffic increase road safety adoption uniform road traffic rules. require , countries respect foreign driving permits, adopt international driving permits models determined agreements. 1968 Convention introduced additions updates international road traffic requirements motor transport documentation. entry force 1977, terminated replaced, relations States Parties, 1949 Convention. 1968 Convention, latest rules aspects international road traffic safety, promoting safe user behavior (.. drivers pedestrians crossings intersections), serve reference national legislations. , 43 countries, including 15 developing countries, Parties Conventions ( Table 3). countries, 1968 Convention applies. 54 Parties 1949 Convention, including 42 developing countries, ratified 1968 Convention, remain Parties 1949 Convention ( Table 2), 32 countries, including 15 developing countries, parties matter concern -member. specific language instrument, sections “Final Provisions” / “Contracting Parties consultative status”. UNECE (2009), paragraph 11. 19 information latest status instruments, United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XI (), https://treaties..org/Pages/Treaties.aspxid=11&subid=&lang=_en&clang=_en. 20 Classification countries based UNCTAD Statistics Development status grouping composition, Generation date: 6 June 2017, http://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Classifications/DimCountries_DevelopmentStatus_Hierarchy.pdf ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 21 1968 Convention ( Table 3). 9 developing countries signed 1968 Convention, ratified ( Table 3). Table 2. Parties Convention Road Traffic, 19 September 1949 30 November 2017 97 Parties Convention Road Traffic, 19 September 1949 Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Benin Botswana Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Central African Republic Chile Congo Cote ’Ivoire Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Fiji Finland France Georgia Ghana Greece Guatemala Haiti Holy Hungary Iceland India Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kyrgyzstan Lao People’ Democratic Republic Lebanon Lesotho Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco Namibia Netherlands Zealand Niger Nigeria Norway Papua Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Republic Korea Romania Russian Federation Rwanda San Marino Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Syrian Arab Republic Thailand Togo Trinidad Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland United States America Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic ) Viet Nam Zimbabwe Note: Names developing countries italics. Names States Parties 1949 Convention Road Traffic highlighted bold. Switzerland State signed ratified 1949 Convention Road Traffic. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 22 Table 3. Parties Convention Road Traffic, 8 November 1968 30 November 2017 75 Parties Convention Road Traffic, 8 November 1968 Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Belarus Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Central African Republic Cote ’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Democratic Republic Congo Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guyana Hungary Iran (Islamic Republic ) Iraq Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Netherlands Niger Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uruguay Uzbekistan Viet Nam Zimbabwe Note: Names developing countries italics. States Parties 1949 1968 Conventions Road Traffic highlighted bold. States signed ratified 1968 Convention Road Traffic, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Ghana, Holy , Indonesia, Mexico, Republic Korea, Thailand, United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic ). - Protocol Road Signs Signals, 19 September 1949. Entry force: 20 December 1953; Signatories: 14 (3 developing countries); Parties: 39 (13 developing countries) - Convention Road Signs Signals, 8 November 1968. Entry force: 6 June 1978; Signatories: 35 (12 developing countries); Parties: 65 (22 developing countries) instruments designed increase road safety ensure safe infrastructure, contributing safer roads mobility setting set commonly agreed road signs signals, traffic lights road markings, internationally. 1968 Convention revised substantially extended earlier 1949 Protocol, instruments reflect common consensus road traffic signs evolved primarily Europe mid-20th century. entry force 1978, 1968 Convention terminated replaced, relations States Parties, 1949 Protocol. , 1968 Convention classifies road signs groups: danger warning, regulatory informative. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 23 defines , describes physical appearance. Convention updated years. instance, amendments entered force 2006, priority roundabouts signs tunnels. , 25 States, including 3 developing countries ( Table 5), Parties 1949 Protocol 1968 Convention. , countries, 1968 Convention applies. 13 Parties 1949 Protocol, including 10 developing countries ( Table 4), ratified 1968 Convention, remain Parties 1949 Protocol, 40 States, including 19 developing countries, parties 1968 Convention Road Signs Signals ( Table 5). accepted countries , 1968 Convention Road Signs Signals variations.21 European countries, eight22 Parties . countries, Africa, Parties , follow rules. parallel instrument, called South African Development Community – Road Traffic Signs Manual (SADC-RTSM),23 adopted countries southern Africa,24 similar rules principles 1968 Convention Road Signs Signals. addition, jurisdictions Europe, adopted 1949 Protocol 1968 Convention, maintain systems road traffic signals. , .. Manual Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) 25 follow symbol rules adopted 1968 Convention.26 MUTCD influenced road signs countries, American continent. ,27 developing countries, signed 1968 Convention, three28 ratified . , countries MUTCD-style yellow diamond warning signs. -American countries29 road signs similar MUTCD, driving left. UNECE (2017a) observed 32 cent countries worldwide acceded road safety legal instruments. include 18 percent countries (9) Asia, 47 cent countries (26) Africa, 45 cent countries (15) Americas 32 cent countries (11) Pacific, equivalent 14 cent world’ population (approx.1 billion people). estimated accession 3 largest countries analysis, Indonesia, Mexico Ethiopia, population covered United Nations road safety conventions halve. 21 .. shape / colour signs markings. 22 Andorra, Holy , Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Spain, United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland. Holy , Spain United Kingdom parties 1949 Protocol. Countries Europe signatories Convention Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein Malta. 23 http://www.nra..za/content/V1-SADC-RTSM-Uniform-Traffic-Control-Devices- 160412.pdfSession_ID=a98b8162f7a1dbfad23b9b2ab0c21526 24 SADC member countries include Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic Tanzania, Zambia Zimbabwe. Democratic Republic Congo Seychelles, Parties 1968 Convention. 25 http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009/mutcd2009edition.pdf 26 signs speed limits forbidden parking visible differences. 27 Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic ). 28 Chile, Cuba, Guyana. 29 Australia, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia, Zealand. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 24 Table 4. Parties Protocol Road Signs Signals, 19 September 1949 30 November 2017 39 Parties Protocol Road Signs Signals, 19 September 1949 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Finland France Greece Haiti Holy Hungary Italy Kyrgyzstan Luxembourg Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Niger Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Rwanda San Marino Senegal Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Thailand Tunisia Uganda United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland Note: Names developing countries italics. Names States Parties 1949 Protocol Road Signs Signals highlighted bold. States signed ratified 1949 Protocol Road Signs Signals, India, Israel, Lebanon, Norway, Switzerland. Table 5. Parties Convention Road Signs Signals, 8 November 1968 30 November 2017 65 Parties Convention Road Signs Signals, 8 November 1968 Albania Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina Bulgaria Central African Republic Chile Cote ’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic Congo Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guyana Hungary India Iran (Islamic Republic ) Iraq Italy Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Republic Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Senegal Serbia Seychelles Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Tunisia Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Viet Nam Note: Names developing countries italics. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 25 States Parties 1949 Protocol 1968 Conventions Road Signs Signals highlighted bold. States signed ratified 1968 Convention Road Signs Signals, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Ghana, Holy , Indonesia, Mexico, Republic Korea, Spain, Thailand, United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic ). 3.2 Vehicle harmonization Important context road safety UNECE agreements vehicle construction standards,30 : - Agreement Adoption Harmonized Technical United Nations Regulations Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment Parts Fitted / Wheeled Vehicles Conditions Reciprocal Recognition Approvals Granted Basis United Nations Regulations, 1958. Entry force 20 June 1959; Signatories: 4; Parties: 51 (7 developing countries) ( Table 6). - Agreement Adoption Uniform Conditions Periodical Technical Inspections Wheeled Vehicles Reciprocal Recognition Inspections, 13 November 1997. Entry force 27 January 2001. Signatories: 23, Parties: 14 (0 developing countries) ( Table 7). - Agreement Establishing Global Technical Regulations Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment Parts Fitted / Wheeled Vehicles, 1998 (UN GTRs). Entry force 25 August 2000. Signatories: 5; Parties: 36 (7 developing countries) ( Table 8). 1958 agreement legal framework adopting uniform United Nations Regulations (including headlamps, braking, tires, safety belts), specifically related safety environmental aspects, types wheeled vehicles manufactured. United Nations Regulations provisions ( vehicles, systems, parts equipment) related safety environmental aspects. include performance-oriented test requirements, administrative procedures. address type approval ( vehicle systems, parts equipment), conformity production (.. means prove ability, manufacturers, produce series products match type approval specifications) mutual recognition type approvals granted Contracting Parties. vehicles complying requirements agreement, safety environmental performance improved, facilitating international traffic trade. 1997 Agreement legal framework inspection wheeled vehicles mutual recognition inspection certificates cross-border road vehicles, order ensure safe environmentally friendly. rules cover passenger cars vans, amendments underway. addition, 1998 Agreement, serves framework developing United Nations Global Technical Regulations (UN GTRs), promote safety environmentally friendly vehicles, including electronic stability control, pole side impact, emissions test. UN GTRs globally harmonized performance-related requirements test procedures. provide predictable regulatory framework global automotive industry, consumers associations. administrative provisions type approvals mutual recognition 30 texts agreements regulations, https://www.unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.html ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 26 agreements administered UNECE Global Forum Vehicle Regulations (WP.29), major companies automotive industry involved, governments. addition, resolutions regularly adopted Inland Transport Committee, clarifying provisions agreements order facilitate implementation. Table 6. Parties Agreement Harmonized Technical UN Regulations, 1958 30 November 2017 51 Parties Agreement Harmonized Technical UN Regulations, 1958 Albania Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia European Union Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Japan Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Montenegro Netherlands Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Republic Korea Republic Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland Note: Names developing countries italics. European Union, approvals granted Member States respective ECE symbol. Table 7. Parties Agreement Periodical Technical Inspections Vehicles , 1997, 30 November 2017 14 Parties Agreement Periodical Technical Inspections Vehicles , 1997 Albania Belarus Bulgaria Estonia Finland Georgia Hungary Kazakhstan Netherlands Republic Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Ukraine Table 8. Parties Agreement Global Technical Regulations Vehicles, 1998, 15 November 2017 36 Parties Agreement Global Technical Regulations Vehicles, 1998 Australia Azerbaijan Belarus Canada China Cyprus European Union Finland Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Netherlands Zealand Norway Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Tajikistan Tunisia Turkey ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 27 France Germany Hungary India Italy Republic Korea Republic Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland United States America Note: Names developing countries italics. 3.3 Transport dangerous goods relevant UN instrument road safety, managed Working Party Transport Dangerous Goods (WP.15) UNECE : - European Agreement International Carriage Dangerous Goods Road (ADR), adopted 30 September 1957 - Entry force 29 January 1968. Signatories: 9; Parties: 49 (3 developing countries)31 ( Table 9). 1975 Protocol amending Agreement, entered force 19 April 1985. agreement, excessively dangerous goods, dangerous goods carried internationally road vehicles, subject compliance conditions laid : Annex goods question, packaging labelling; Annex , construction, equipment operation vehicle carrying goods question. Convention sets requirements driver training. , achieve safer road transport operations. Annexes regularly amended updated entry force ADR. Worth noting latest amendments entered force 1 January 2017, accession United Nations Member States, making ADR global Convention. Table 9. States Parties European Agreement International Carriage Dangerous Goods Road (ADR), 1957, 30 November 2017 49 Parties European Agreement International Carriage Dangerous Goods Road (ADR), 1957 Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Morocco Netherlands Norway Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Tunisia Turkey Ukraine 31 Morocco, Tunisia Turkey. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 28 France Georgia Germany Greece Poland Portugal Romania Republic Moldova United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland Note: Names developing countries italics. 3.4 Road transport infrastructure addition, road safety elements perspectives present UNECE instruments infrastructure agreements projects, including: - European Agreement Main International Traffic Arteries, 1975 (AGR) Parties 37 (1 developing country),32 - Trans-European Motorways (TEM) Project, - Trans-European Railway (TER) Project. , instruments included analysis global legal instruments, due fact infrastructure agreements projects geographically restricted moment.33 3.5 instruments - European Agreement Work Crews Vehicles Engaged International Road Transport (AETR), adopted 1 July 1970 – Entry force 5 January 1976. Signatories: 13, Parties: 51 (1 developing country). 34 agreement regulates working conditions, including driving rest times professional drivers. relevant road safety, instrument open accession UNECE Member States.35 worth noting UNECE (2017a), accession core United Nations road safety agreements - including Road Traffic 1968; Road Signs Signals, 1968; Dangerous Goods Road (ADR), 1957; Vehicle Regulations, 1998; Technical Inspection Vehicles, 1997; Global Vehicles Regulations, 199836 - 49 cent countries Parties , 51 cent Parties . Countries parties core United Nations road safety agreements include, 22 cent countries (11) Asia, 76 cent countries (42) Africa, 79 cent countries (26) Americas, 53 cent countries (18) Pacific. equivalent 24 cent world’ population (approx. 1.7 billion people). UNECE Member States, acceded road safety related convention, 7 Parties core road safety conventions. 32 Turkey. 33 information, similar regional instruments applicable parts world, part 4 road safety infrastructure issues. 34 Turkey. 35 information, http://www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html#infrastructure 36 core UNECE road safety conventions, AETR, 1970, AGR, 1975, excluded analysis regional nature. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 29 4. Road safety 2030 Agenda, context infrastructure planning mentioned, sustainable transport essential achieving goals 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. Global Sustainable Transport Conference held 27-28 November 2016 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, considered large number annual deaths road traffic accidents, main challenges caused unsustainable transport. Quality infrastructure identified main factors contributing road safety. relevant goals targets 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, goal 9, building climate-resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive sustainable industrialization fostering innovation, relevant context transport infrastructure. great importance, building maintaining transport infrastructure costly, developing countries assistance. address , , Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), 37 adopted 2015, 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. AAAA consists global framework financing sustainable development, relevant transport infrastructure, including sustainable climate-resilient road transport infrastructure. AAAA, States reiterated goal poverty hunger achieve sustainable development dimensions promoting inclusive economic growth, protecting environment promoting social inclusion. Box 2: Relevant paragraphs AAAA infrastructure, States AAAA, : - committed “increasing public investment, plays strategic role financing research, infrastructure pro-poor initiatives” (para.7); - recognized “investing sustainable resilient infrastructure, including transport, energy, water sanitation , pre-requisite achieving goals. bridge global infrastructure gap, including USD1 trillion USD1.5 trillion annual gap developing countries, facilitate development sustainable, accessible resilient quality infrastructure developing countries enhanced financial technical support” (para 14); - welcomed launch infrastructure initiatives aimed bridging gaps, including Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Global Infrastructure Hub, Development Bank, Asia Pacific Project Preparation Facility, World Bank Group’ Global Infrastructure Facility Africa 50 Infrastructure Fund, increase capital InterAmerican Investment Corporation” (para 14); - key pillar meet sustainable development goals, called “ establishment global infrastructure forum building existing multilateral collaboration mechanisms, led multilateral development banks, United Nations agencies, national institutions, development partners private sector. encourage greater range voices heard, developing countries, 37 Addis Ababa Action Agenda International Conference Financing Development. http://www..org/esa/ffd/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/AAAA_Outcome.pdf ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 30 identify address infrastructure capacity gaps, LDCs, LLDCs, SIDS African Countries” (para 14); - noted “ role -functioning national regional development banks play financing sustainable development, credit market segments commercial banks fully engaged large financing gaps exist, based sound lending frameworks compliance social environmental safeguards. includes areas sustainable infrastructure, energy, agriculture, industrialization, science, technology innovation, financial inclusion financing micro, small medium-sized enterprises (para.33); - expressed commitment “support cities local authorities developing countries, LDC SIDS, implementing resilient environmentally sound infrastructure, including energy, transport, water sanitation sustainable resilient buildings local materials” (para.34); - acknowledged “impediments private investments infrastructure exist supply demand side. Insufficient investment due inadequate infrastructure plans insufficient number -prepared investable projects, private sector inventive structures necessarily investing long-term projects, risk perceptions investors. address constraints, imbed resilient quality infrastructure investment plans national sustainable development strategies, strengthening domestic enabling environments. Internationally, provide technical support countries translate plans concrete project pipelines, individual implementable projects, including feasibility studies, negotiation complex contracts, project management” (para. 47); - recognized “ public private financing key roles play infrastructure financing, including development banks, development finance institutions tools mechanisms public- private partnerships, blended finance, combines concessional private finance expertise public private sector, special purpose vehicles, -recourse project financing, risk mitigation instruments pooled funding structures” (para.48); - recognized “ important international public finance, including ODA, catalyse additional resource mobilization sources, public private… unlock additional finance blended pooled financing risk mitigation, notably infrastructure investments support private sector developments” (para.54); - recognized “development banks play important role alleviating constraints financing development, including quality infrastructure investment, including -sovereign loans” (para.75); - encouraged multilateral development banks, including regional banks, collaboration stakeholders, address gaps trade, transport transit-related regional infrastructure, including completing missing links connecting LLDCs, LDCs SIDS regional networks” (para.87). respect infrastructure, United Nations Secretary General’ Special Envoy Road Safety report (UNECE, 2016), observed estimated 50 cent casualties occur 10 cent road network. , international efforts “reinforced ensure greater road safety road users proper planning, design, building maintenance high safety performance standards road networks.” ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 31 Global Plan Decade Action Road Safety 2011-2020, Pillar 2 focuses raising safety protective quality road networks benefits road users. intended achieved implementation road infrastructure agreements United Nations framework, road infrastructure assessment improved safety-conscious planning, design, construction operation roads (WHO, 2011). regard, activities listed Pillar 2, include promoting safe operation, maintenance improvement existing road infrastructure road authorities developing safe infrastructure meets mobility access users, encouraging capacity building knowledge transfer creating partnerships, including development banks, national authorities, civil society, education providers private sector, encouraging research development safer roads mobility. Regional Action Programmes Plans adopted Global Plan, listing priority areas concrete road safety measures, implementing process organizations stakeholders involved. European Road Safety Program 2011- 2020 (European Commission, 2010), main target halve number road deaths European Union 2020, safer road infrastructure listed strategy objectives. addition, national road safety strategies formulated, setting clear concrete targets road safety policies, establishing action plans selected concrete measures transformed actions, specific situation country practices countries. ensure progress, development implementation measures continuously monitored effects road safety evaluated. UNESCAP (2017)38, “studies show strong correlation infrastructure design road safety road engineering design influence severity crashes. design standards chosen construction roads ensure meet highest existing safety standards field. countries, installation barriers separate opposing directions traffic / types vehicles, application access control principles, geometric design roads increase sight distance curves improvement road shoulders, examples infrastructure-related measures contributed reduction road accidents fatalities applied. International experiences show interventions terms road infrastructure improve driving environment pay related financial investment recovered reasonable period time.” 38 Quoting Ahmed (2013). ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 32 Box 3: Extract national road safety strategy action plan national Road Safety Strategy Action Plan Kosovo (EU Office Kosovo, 2015) instance, identifies addressing infrastructure issues: “ design condition roads key influence road safety. road, road sections road elements ( junction, pedestrian crossings .) assessed point view road safety. roads audited construction planning stage existing roads inspected regularly. Sections locations high accident rates identified remedial measures . -speeding frequent reason accident responsible severity injuries. road transport safety law defines speed limits upper European level speeds effectively driven frequently higher road traffic conditions . speed reduction (junctions, main roads villages, pedestrian crossings .), efficient structural measures . expressways dual carriageways median restraint systems prevent efficiently crossover cars lorries direction. Lateral restraint systems protect running vehicles collision obstacles bridge-pillars, walls, lamp posts . Special attention hazards tree animal accidents. , worn- pavements potholes unwelcome terms traffic flow, generally good road safety speed. pavement frequently mislead -speeding. Good roads high traffic frequency inspected regard surface grip wet weather condition. Sections high percentage slow running heavy vehicles inspected regard rutting prevent aquaplaning.” context, worth noting 1968 Convention Road Signs Signals39 relevant road signs, signals, symbols road markings crucial road safety, integral components road safety infrastructure facilities. 1968 Convention implemented countries Parties , . sufficient serve design standard guideline, individual countries organizations develop design standards guidelines basis Convention. addition, infrastructure agreements concluded regional level. include instance, European Agreement Main International Traffic Arteries, 1975 (AGR),40 Intergovernmental Agreement Asian Highway Network, 2003 (AH Agreement). 41 AGR UNECE Governments international legal framework construction development coherent international road network view development international road transport traffic UNECE region. AGR defines road network, consisting arteries major international road traffic flows Europe, infrastructure parameters arteries conform. AGR constantly review updated 39 information part 3 report. 40 entered force 15 March 1983, 30 November 2017 37 States Parties. 41 entered force 4 July 2005, 30 November 2017 30 States Parties. latest status text agreements, United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XI (). https://treaties..org/Pages/Treaties.aspxid=11&subid=&lang=_en&clang=_en ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 33 adapt political transport developments, roads States created traffic flows. AH Agreement - treaty developed auspices UNESCAP secretariat deposited Secretary-General United Nations - framework coordinated development international highways Asia, Asia Europe, providing platform Member States discuss technical institutional issues improve quality network increase efficiency operation. addition, Regional Action Programme Transport Development Asia Pacific, Asian Highway Network benefit , establishment road safety facility infrastructure standards, including harmonization road construction standards installations linked road safety, acceleration deceleration lanes, warning signs, regulatory signs, speed reduction devices, roadside safety features, .; development model intelligent transport systems deployments, including technologies improving infrastructure traffic management, operation transport systems; sharing knowledge - stakeholders, including Member States, road operators, international organizations, meetings workshops. , regional agreements cover aspects road safety infrastructure, sufficient. instance, UNESCAP (2017)42 Asian Highway “classification design standards stipulated” annex II Intergovernmental Agreement Asian Highway network provide adequate guidance road infrastructure safety facilities considered addressing road safety Asian Highway routes. study relation road safety generally, instance, Asian Highway Standard included general reference, stating : “ developing Asian Highway network, Parties give full consideration issues safety” (Article 10 Section II, Annex II). responses survey, received 17 Asian Highway member countries 36 road infrastructure facilities member country, 10 countries 36 road infrastructure safety facilities. number reasons road infrastructure safety facilities , included lack planning / design (23 cent), lack budget (12 cent), lack cost effectiveness (7 cent) reasons (33 cent). results suggested case studies support road infrastructure safety facility training , potentially helpful removing perceived barriers . context, UNESCAP (2017) (pg. 105-106) recommendations: “() Asian Highway members countries recommended road safety priority planning, designing, constructing, maintaining managing Asian Highway routes. road infrastructure safety facilities play vital role improving road safety, strongly recommended adopt practice technical design standards road infrastructure safety facilities. (ii) study recommends providing guidance Asian highway member countries dedicated annex Intergovernmental Agreement Asian Highway 42 report issued study conducted UNESCAP secretariat 2015-2017 development technical standards road infrastructure safety facilities Asian Highway Network, part initiative achieve inclusive sustainable development regional cooperation integration transport Asia-Pacific region activity implementation Regional Action Programme Sustainable Transport Connectivity Asia Pacific, phase (2017-2021). ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 34 Network. draft Annex IV considered Asian Highway member countries adoption minimum technical standards road infrastructure safety facilities Asian Highway Network. detailed design guidelines included report recommended reference document Asian Highway Network.” supplement regional agreements, regional instruments adopted. instance, European Commission’ directive improving safety European road network (European Parliament European Council, 2008) adopted 2008, aiming achieve common quality management infrastructure safety Europe. directive applies Trans- European road network (TEN), comprising highest-ranking roads, motorways expressways high road safety levels. , EC encourages Member States apply directive roads responsibility. procedures covered directive, considered essential achieve positive road safety effects include: - Road Safety Impact Assessment (RSIA) introduce factor road safety impact assessment procedures bigger road projects early planning stage - Road Safety Audits (RSA) road construction planning stage - Road Safety Inspection (RSI) existing roads - Network Safety Management (NSM) Black Spot Management (BSM) identify remedy dangerous sections locations - Education, training certification Road Safety Auditors. wider infrastructure context, role plays growth, competitiveness, job creation, poverty alleviation, worth noting establishment Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs)43 April 2016, mandated AAAA (para 14), Global Infrastructure Forum bridge infrastructure gap, key achieving sustainable development goals. Forum aims improve coordination stakeholders, established infrastructure initiatives, respecting diversity approaches, policies, procedures , facilitate development sustainable, accessible, resilient infrastructure developing countries. Forum held annually, responsibility hosting rotating MDBs. encourage greater range voices heard, developing countries, identify address infrastructure capacity gaps, LDCs, LLDCs, SIDS African Countries. Addressing infrastructure gap requires boost investment, private public, governance, capacities, improving efficiency existing spending infrastructure. MDBs recognized experience collaboration direct financing projects mobilizing private capital, improving capacities knowledge infrastructure. examples include Global Infrastructure Facility, International Infrastructure Support System, PPP Knowledge Lab, Infrascope, PPP Certification program. achieve objectives Forum, MDBs development partners resolved work 43 Including African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Development Bank Latin America, European Bank Reconstruction Development, European Investment Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank World Bank. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 35 strengthening project preparation, promoting financing, building shared principles promoting compatible efficient approaches, improving data information.44 4.1 Relevant MDB activities developing countries progress report covering 2015-2016 (ADB al., 2017, para 53), MDBs approved 89 road projects total, construct upgrade 36,923 km roads, -urban roads including regional, national, provincial rural. road projects approved 2015 incorporated activities mainstream sustainability incorporating road safety, road asset management, climate resilience gender aspects. instance, 2015: African Development Bank approved 11 road projects road safety indicators; Asian Development Bank approved 15 road projects road safety indicators; Development Bank Latin America included road safety main pillar urban mobility roads strategies order incorporate safety road users, including vulnerable road users, operations; European Bank Reconstruction Development (EBRD), included road safety components projects road sector; Inter-American Development Bank, approved 8 loans, 4 road safety indicators; Islamic Development Bank included road safety components road projects; 100 cent World Bank road projects included road safety components (ADB al., 2017, paras 62, 74, 82, 92, 105, 112, 121). World Bank policy transport projects enhanced sustainability dimensions, accordance strategic operational targets. include Climate Benefits, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Road Safety considerations. Road safety dimension implies roads projects screened road safety preparation design phase, dedicated safety components included . addition financing investments road safety, activities MDBs included support road safety awareness events training developing countries, aimed improving understanding road safety problems approaches. instance, African Development Bank road safety audit manuals road safety toolkit road operations national road agencies; Asian Development Bank approved road safety demonstration project Shaanxi province PRC develop institutionalize modern road safety design management approaches reduce road deaths injuries mountainous areas; Development Bank Latin America included road safety audits road operations, continued work foster awareness training capacity building, strengthening work motorcycles, engaging wider set stakeholders developing comprehensive guide traffic crash victims. Il formulated road safety training proposal road safety auditors certified countries reduce shortage; European Investment Bank supported rehabilitating 116 km roads connecting Honduras, Guatemala El Salvador, standards European Commission’ Road Safety Directive, addition savings, expected reduce number road fatalities; Islamic Development Bank included road safety audit 93 cent road projects (ADB al., 2017, paras. 58, 62, 75, 81, 82, 100, 112). 44 information, Chairman’ Statement--Global Infrastructure Forum 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/publicprivatepartnerships//chairmans-statement-global-infrastructure-forum- 2016. information latest progress reported GIF 2017, https://pppknowledgelab.org/2017giforum. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 36 5. role selected United Nations agencies bodies road safety 5.1 United Nations Conference Trade Development (UNCTAD) international agencies bodies undertaking wide range activities initiatives field road safety. UNCTAD contribute efforts , pursuant renewed mandate, accordance Nairobi Maafikiano,45 continue work field transport contribution effective implementation international agreements outcomes recognize role transport infrastructure implementation 2030 Agenda. include relevant outcomes AAAA. part work transport trade logistics, UNCTAD undertakes research analytical work, consensus building activities technical assistance, including advice assistance wide range legal policy issues related sustainable transport.46 Recognizing multiple dimensions freight transport, relevant work aims developing countries achieve greater sustainability resilience freight transport sector, view supporting sustainable development prospects developing countries. Worth mentioning UNCTAD work sustainable freight transport finance, includes safety aspects.47 number analytical studies reports prepared, economic, social environmental dimensions sustainable transport, including nexus oil prices maritime freight rates (UNCTAD, 2010), liability compensation ship-source oil pollution International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC) Fund regime (UNCTAD, 2012), maritime piracy (UNCTAD, 2014a 2014b).48 addition, 2008, UNCTAD considers climate change part ongoing work field trade logistics carries substantive work improve understanding issues interface maritime transport climate change challenge ( instance, UNCTAD (2009), UNECE (2010), UNCTAD (2011)). Special emphasis climate change impacts adaptation seaports related key coastal transport infrastructure, ports airports SIDS LDCs, enhance climate-resilience.49 UNCTAD work sustainable resilient freight transport closely aligned targets 2030 Agenda, road safety (3.6), pollution reduction (3.9), energy efficiency (7.3), sustainable resilient infrastructure (9.1, 9a), mobilizing resources finance (10. 17.3), access sustainable transport (11.2), sustainable cities (11.6), climate change (13.1, 13.2 13.3), marine pollution reduction, marine ecosystems sustainable oceans 45 footnote 1 . 46 information UNCTAD work field transport, http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/Trade-Logistics- Branch.aspx 47 information, http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/TTL/Infrastructure--Services/Sustainable-Transport.aspx 48 complete list texts UNCTAD analytical studies reports transport law policy, http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/TTL/Legal/LegalDocuments.aspx 49 information full documentation, UNCTAD website http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/TTL/Legal/Climate-Change--Maritime-Transport.aspx. work ongoing UNCTAD UNDA project Climate Change Impacts Adaptation Coastal Transport Infrastructure Caribbean, http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/TTL/Legal/Climate-Change-Impacts--SIDS.aspx ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 37 (14.1, 14.2, 14.7 14c) , poverty reduction (1.5) trade (17.10–17.12), enabling factors technology, data capabilities, finance policy coherence. 5.2 World Health Organization (WHO) WHO, United Nations’ lead agency road safety.50 chairs UNRSC, publishes bi- annual Global Status Report Road Safety, road safety country level data, providing information compliance policy legislative issues. WHO’ latest () report series, Global Status Report Road Safety 2015, overview road safety situation globally, highlighting gaps measures needed drive progress. report progress improving road safety legislation making vehicles safer, pace change slow. Urgent action needed achieve ambitious road safety target halving global number deaths injuries road traffic crashes 2020, reflected target 3.6 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. WHO organizes bi-annual United Nations Global Road Safety Weeks, latest held 2017 focusing speed key risk factor road traffic deaths injuries, contributing road traffic fatalities, address . WHO hosted 24th meeting UNRSC March 2017, discussed implementation United Nations General Assembly WHO Assembly resolutions, activities needed meet road safety related sustainable development goals, updating UNRSC terms reference, current future activities UNRSC project groups, reviewing membership requests provide updates UNRSC partner activities (WHO, 2017b). addition, 2017, WHO launched “Save LIVES: road safety technical package” (WHO, 2017c), outlines key evidence-based measures interventions, identified world’ leading road safety experts agencies, impact road traffic deaths injuries short long term. relate Speed management, Leadership, Infrastructure design improvement, Vehicle safety standards, Enforcement traffic laws post-crash Survival. 5.3 United Nations Economic Commission Europe (UNECE) UNECE responsible key international legal instruments field road safety.51 include international conventions protocols road traffic road signs signals, agreements vehicle regulations, related instruments. States Parties legal instruments discuss amend , UNECE bodies, include: Global Forum Road Traffic Safety (WP.1)52 - monitoring road traffic conventions promoting practices issuing policy recommendations;53 World Forum Harmonization Vehicle Regulations (WP.29)54 - responsible international vehicle standards, incorporating regulatory framework 50 http://www..int/roadsafety/en/ 51 part 3 report. http://www.unece.org/trans/.html 52 Changed 2017. Working Party Road Traffic Safety (WP.1), intergovernmental body established 1988, UNECE Inland Transport Committee. 53 practices, latest versions Consolidated Resolution Road Traffic (..1), Consolidated Resolution Road Signs Signals (..2), http://www.unece.org/trans/roadsafe/rsrec.html 54 information, http://www.unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.html ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 38 technological innovations vehicles safer environmentally sound. , worth noting work forums, driverless vehicles related concerns opportunities. addition, relevant road safety work carried Working Party Transport Dangerous Goods (WP.15).55 UNECE activities road safety range regulatory, analytical, capacity building policy dialogue, place global, regional, national levels. 2012, Inland Transport Committee adopted UNECE Plan (UNECE, 2011), aligned implementation UN Decade' Action Plan, aims achieve UNECE' road safety goals addressing priority areas work Global Forum Road Traffic Safety (WP.1) main coordinating entity field road safety. UNECE acts secretariat United Nations Secretary General’ Special Envoy Road Safety, promoting wider implementation United Nations legal instruments establishment United Nations Road Safety Fund.56 proposal Fund developed launched November 2016, Global Sustainable Transport Conference Ashgabat. Consultations place stakeholders Member States including 79th session UNECE Inland Transport Committee, held February 2017 (UNECE, 2017b). 5.4 United Nations Economic Commission Africa (UNECA) UNECA,57 established 1958, played important role development transport Africa, including efforts improve safety Africa’ roads. , organized high-level road safety events, bringing stakeholders brainstorm road safety challenges opportunities. context UN Global Decade Action Road Safety (2011- 2020), helped preparation African Road Safety Action Plan 2011-2020, , monitoring evaluating implementation. , UNECA African Union Commission prepared draft African Road Safety Charter (African Union, 2016). 5.5 United Nations Economic Commission Latin America Caribbean (UNECLAC) UNECLAC,58 established 1948, long experience transport related work region, ranged assessing economic infrastructure trends public private infrastructure spending, analyzing logistics mobility services regulatory framework. Work transport regulations focused issues transport financing, access domestic regional markets, quality national regional policies transport, infrastructure logistics. UNECLAC active region capacity-building, technical assistance, providing statistical data. 55 information, https://www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.html 56 accordance United Nations (2016). information, http://www.unece.org/-sgs-special-envoy-- road-safety/-sgs-special-envoy--road-safety.html 57 www.uneca.org 58 www.cepal.org/en ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 39 5.6 United Nations Economic Social Commission Asia Pacific (UNESCAP) UNESCAP,59 established 1947, aims promote inclusive sustainable economic social development Asia-Pacific region intergovernmental processes, norm setting, regional research analysis, capacity building development partnerships. work covers transport policy, infrastructure, facilitation logistics, aims build regional integrated intermodal transport logistic systems. , promotes regional standards guidelines infrastructure road safety, integrated transport planning, establishing regional frameworks, strengthening national local capacities, sharing knowledge sustainable transport solutions, including safer transport systems promotion public transport, -motorized vehicles creation pedestrian spaces urban environments. Intergovernmental Agreement Asian Highway Network, instance, relevant regional legal instruments road safety adopted UNESCAP 2003.60 5.7 United Nations Economic Social Commission Western Asia (UNESCWA) UNESCWA,61 established 1973 strengthen economic cooperation promote development efforts region, serves forum governments transport specialists, meet share experiences, statistical information national infrastructure. relevant regional legal instrument road safety adopted UNESWA 2001, Agreement International Roads Arab Countries.62 5.8 Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) Major MDBs important investments road infrastructure safety, middle-income countries.63 2011, MDBs announced joint initiative improve road safety reduce rising road deaths injuries developing countries, aiming meet targets United Nations Decade Road Safety 2011-2020. , collectively individually, increased loan grant financing road safety investments, technical assistance strengthening road safety capacity, policies institutions client countries awareness events. 2014, MDBs jointly issued Road Safety Guidelines (ADB al., 2014), aim establish common approach road safety, specifically road transport projects funded multilateral development banks, traffic generating -transport projects. approach considered fact banks strong relation road transportation infrastructure agencies due projects finance. , guidelines advantage situation aim enhance road safety countries banks work. , conducting road safety screening early appraisal projects, social environmental issues, safe road infrastructure design engineering. 59 www.unescap.org 60 footnote 41 . 61 https://www.unescwa.org/ 62 agreement entered force 19 October 2003, 15 November 2017 13 States Parties. 63 Collectively, MDBs 2015 $23 billion funding sustainable transport projects, including road projects road safety components, adding $20 billion approved 2014, $25 billion approved 2013, $20 billion approved 2012 (ADB al., 2017). ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 40 2014, MDB Road Safety Initiative guidance MDB Working Group Road Safety, 2015 published report (ADB al., 2015) presented Ministerial Meeting Brazil side-event Global Plan Pillar 2: Safer Roads Mobility, called Safer Infrastructure Road Users. event attended road infrastructure stakeholders including World Road Association (PIARC), International Transport Forum (ITF), International Road Federation (IRF), MDBs. January 2017, Working Group published Progress Report 2015-2016 (ADB al., 2017).64 main MDB, World Bank, active addressing issue road safety jointly WHO launched World Report Road Traffic Injury Prevention (WHO, 2004). 2006, Global Road Safety Facility65, global partnership program administered World Bank, established, supports Decade Action United Nations Global Plan Action stabilize reduce road traffic deaths injuries 2020. aims reduce road traffic deaths injuries - middle-income countries, offering comprehensive assistance road safety management delivery funding support, technical expertise, knowledge. Strategic Plan 2013-2020 (World Bank, 2012), details goals Global Road Safety Facility, related priority activities outcome indicators . main goals : - Strengthened global, regional country capacity support sustainable reductions road deaths injuries middle-income countries; - Scaled- global road safety funding, coordination advocacy mechanisms; - Mainstreamed road safety components World Bank-funded road infrastructure projects. 2016, World Bank Environmental Social Framework (World Bank, 2016, pp.45-46) adopted, aims ensure “potential traffic road safety risks workers, affected communities road users” evaluated monitored, “technically financially feasible road safety measures” incorporated World Bank’ projects, prevent mitigate potential road safety risks road users affected communities. 2014, World Bank road safety commitments transport projects reached record high US$411 million. 2015, commitments stood US$239 million, representing 5.5 cent road sector lending fiscal year. , 2015, time , 100 cent World Bank road transport projects road safety component. Africa region, time , reached US$81 million road safety commitments 2015 .66 5.9 International Transport Forum (ITF) OECD ITF67 OECD intergovernmental organization 59 Member States, acts tank transport policy. organizes global dialogue transport, acts platform 64 , Journal Australasian College Road Safety (2016). 65 , http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/global-road-safety-facility 66 http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport//road-safety---world-bank 67 ITF administratively integrated OECD, politically autonomous. started European Conference Ministers Transport (ECMT), regional organization, increased membership wider mandate, changed ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 41 discussion pre-negotiation policy issues transport modes, including Annual Summit transport ministers Leipzig Germany. ITF analyzes trends, shares knowledge promotes exchange transport decision-makers civil society. addition, carries research practices road safety policy, encourages holistic strategy promotes safe vehicles, roads road users. mission foster deeper understanding role transport economic growth, environmental sustainability social inclusion raise public profile transport policy. ITF hosts International Road Traffic Accident Database (IRTAD) 68 validated, --date crash,69 exposure data70 safety data71 32 high- income countries,72 issues Road Safety Annual Report.73 Worth noting “ ” (OECD/ITF, 2008) report, aimed setting ambitious casualty reduction targets, recommending countries level road safety performance move safe system, “ Road Deaths Injuries” (OECD/ITF, 2016) report, calling fundamental paradigm shift road safety problem viewed, strategies address , involves move traditional road safety policies “blame victim” approach, “integrated view road traffic Safe System, outcomes crashes prevented place.” Safe System elements road transport system, including roads, vehicles speed, interact lead death injury. addition, Memorandum Understanding concluded ITF International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP),74 enhanced collaboration promoting policies support achievement transport-related SDGs, focusing objectives targets 3.6, 11.2 goal 9; agreement ITF, Federation Internationale ’Automobile (FIA)75 World Bank, create network Regional Road Safety Observatories. Focusing - middle-income countries, observatories bring national officials charge road safety view improving collection road safety data, benchmarking road safety performance driving evidence-based policies reduce road deaths ITF 2006, evolving transport organization global mandate modes transport. information activities, www.itf-oecd.org 68 https://www.itf-oecd.org/IRTAD 69 Fatalities, injury crashes, hospitalized injuries : road type (motorways, urban roads, rural roads); road user (pedestrians, cyclists, car occupants, PTWs, ); age; gender; seat position car. 70 Vehicle-kilometers; modal split; vehicle fleet, type vehicles; population; driving licences. 71 Seatbelt helmet wearing rates. 72 countries contributing data : Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States. 73 https://www.itf-oecd.org/node/19558 74iRAP member United Nations Road Safety Collaboration. registered charity dedicated preventing road deaths worldwide, providing tools training automobile associations, governments, funding agencies, research institutes NGOs 70 countries roads safe. activities include: inspecting high-risk roads developing Star Ratings, Safer Roads Investment Plans Risk Maps providing training, technology support build sustain national, regional local capability tracking road safety performance funding agencies assess benefits investments. information , http://www.irap.org 75 FIA, organization founded 1904 promote motor sport, promotes safe, sustainable accessible mobility road users world. committed global sustainability initiatives worldwide campaign “FIA Action Road Safety” support UN’ Decade Action Road Safety, aiming reduce fatalities roads million 2020. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 42 injuries. observatories serve platforms knowledge sharing dissemination practices. facilitate collaboration regions create transparency establish healthy competition countries improve road safety conditions. parties agreement, act coordinators offer institutional support establishment Regional Road Safety Observatories, offer technical expertise, identify funding sources, encourage coordination activities Observatories (OECD/ITF, 2017b). 5.10 International Road Federation (IRF) IRF76 nongovernmental, --profit organization mission encourage promote development maintenance , safer sustainable roads road networks. aims promote social economic benefits flow -planned environmentally sound road transport networks, helps put place technological solutions management practices provide maximum economic social returns national road investments. focus areas IRF’ work road safety. IRF' contributions Decade Action include: work IRF Road Safety Group Experts - policy development working group, advocating safe forgiving road development, maintenance operation raising awareness, providing policy guidance exchange knowledge practices; networking information sharing; technical assistance guidance policy-makers, practitioners, broader road infrastructure sector designed address road fatalities injuries contribute road safety efforts; advocacy adoption implementation evidence-based policies designed reduce road-related death injury. 5.11 International Road Union (IRU) Commission Global Road Safety (CSR) IRU77 road transport organization representing interests bus, coach, taxi truck operators ensure economic growth prosperity sustainable mobility people goods road worldwide commitment sustainable development. CSR, operated 2006-2015, played important role promoting international action limit rise road traffic fatalities. aim promote sharing roads improve driving behavior road users, professional -professional, training educational programmes meet internationally recognized standards.78 joint WHO World Bank World Report Road Injury Prevention, issued 2004, warned rising trend road crashes major public health crisis. , , road safety left United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals road crashes result higher levels fatalities malaria tuberculosis. response, CSR established 2006 initiative FIA Foundation. aim raise political response road injuries, defining agenda effective policy action, ensuring road safety fully recognized UN global issue sustainable development. 76 http://www.irfnet.ch/ 77 www.iru.org 78 information, https://www.iru.org/--/iru-organisation/iru-international- commissions/commission--road-safety. ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 43 CSR issued number reports 2006-2013, support Roads Safe campaign , called : $300 million Action Plan multilateral development banks act improve road safety impact road investments; global Ministerial Conference Road Safety; United Nations Decade Action Road Safety; 50 cent casualty reduction target supported “ pillar” Action Plan Road Injury Prevention based Safe System Approach; appointment United Nations Special Envoy Road Safety; inclusion road safety UN’ post-2015 SDGs framework.79 completion objectives, Commission wound 2015 2nd High Level Global Conference Road Safety held Brasilia. 5.12 Global Network Road Safety Legislators network80 launched London December 2016, serve platform parliamentarians exchange practices road safety policies legislation, representing opportunity mobilize political leadership support effective road safety policies laws. leadership Council comprises parliamentarians Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America North America. 2017, “Manifesto #4RoadSafety” 81 launched Global Network, endorsed Leadership Council, warned present trends United Nations’ aim halve road deaths 2020 achieved. includes ten key recommendations82 encourage parliamentarians support current United Nation’ Decade Action Road Safety (2011- 2020), endorses WHO “Save LIVES” package road injury prevention. Parliamentarians worldwide urged endorse Manifesto #4RoadSafety sign statement support advance important debate road safety forthcoming 72nd Session United Nations General Assembly. package recommended adoption United Nations Member States, laws tackle speeding, drink driving, - motorcycle helmets, seat belts child restraints, application acceptable vehicle road safety construction standards. included recommendations speed management Safe System approach, occupational road safety, good governance funding road injury prevention, role multilateral development banks, proposed adoption post- 2020 United Nations road safety target halve road deaths injuries 2030. 5.13 Sustainable Mobility AllTM (SuM4AllTM) initiative SuM4All83 global multi-stakeholder partnership aims transform transport sector. ambition mobility: () equitable - ensuring access jobs markets good quality transport economic social status; (ii) efficient - people goods move place place quickly seamlessly; (iii) safe - halving number global deaths injuries road traffic accidents modes transportation; (iv) 79 http://www.towardszerofoundation.org//global-commission/ 80 www.4roadsafety.org 81 https://issuu./4roadsafety/docs/manifesto_-_online 82 http://www.4roadsafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/4roadsafety-summary--recommendations.pdf 83 http://www.sum4all.org/ ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 44 green – lowering environmental footprint sector combat climate change pollution. Stakeholders include Multilateral Developments Banks; United Nations Agencies, Programs, Regional Commissions; Bilateral donor organizations; -Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Global civil society organizations Academic institutions.84 , initiative issued Global Mobility Report 2017 (GMR) (World Bank, 2017), - attempt examine performance transport sector globally, contribution sustainable future. respect transport safety, report concluded stronger strategic approach includes transport modes, road, waterborne, air rail transport. suggested building target 3.6, aim , addition halving number global deaths injuries road traffic accidents 2020, reduce 5 cent fatalities injuries modes transport. , due poor inconsistent information countries, challenge measure safety good, timely quality data fatalities injuries mode transport, identify principal crashes incidents. important accurate information risk, measured passenger-kilometres, ton-kilometres travel times. 6. Concluding remarks recommendations 6.1 Legal regulatory framework report prepared part UNCTAD’ contribution progress implementing road safety targets context 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. concentrates international regulatory framework, highlights potential relevance implementing relevant existing conventions international instruments field road safety, , underlines importance supportive legal regulatory framework means improve achievement sustainable development goals. report recognizes sustainable transport sustainable, inclusive high-quality infrastructure, cross-cutting importance increasing economic growth, attaining SDGs. highlights concerted efforts, activities initiatives undertaken international organizations bodies field road safety. aligns UNCTAD’ role efforts, pursuant renewed mandate, accordance Nairobi Maafikiano,85 continue work field transport trade logistics, contribution effective implementation international agreements outcomes recognize role transport infrastructure implementation 2030 Agenda. include relevant outcomes AAAA. , developing countries Parties UNECE worldwide legal instruments field, / applying rules. , Parties, signed ratified , Parties 84 information, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport//sustainable-mobility-- 85 footnote 1 Section 5.1 . ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 45 versions relevant instruments. fact, UNECE, 1 billion people live countries Parties United Nations road safety conventions. context: - Countries worldwide, developing countries, acceding fully implementing latest relevant versions United Nations legal instruments road safety, , view fact reflect additions updates international rules requirements road safety. - Developing countries strengthen national road safety legislations, establish regional instruments regulations, , work achieving greater consistency relevant international instruments. - Collaboration multiple stakeholders, including regional - regional organizations institutions, strengthened. UNCTAD, international organizations bodies active field road safety, play role providing advice assistance policymakers stakeholders developing countries, respect effective implementation relevant international legal instruments national / regional level. 6.2 Infrastructure planning support road safety AAAA, States expressed , commitment “support cities local authorities developing countries, LDCs SIDS, implementing resilient environmentally sound infrastructure, including energy, transport, water sanitation sustainable resilient buildings local materials” (para.34). addition, acknowledged “insufficient investment due inadequate infrastructure plans insufficient number -prepared investable projects, private sector inventive structures necessarily investing long-term projects, risk perceptions investors.” address constraints, States committed “imbed resilient quality infrastructure investment plans () national sustainable development strategies, strengthening () domestic enabling environments.” Internationally, pledged “provide technical support countries translate plans concrete project pipelines, individual implementable projects, including feasibility studies, negotiation complex contracts, project management” (para. 47). context: - Infrastructure investment plans continue part national sustainable development strategies. International organizations potentially contribute creating enabling domestic environment developing countries, providing technical support translate plans concrete projects, implement . Road infrastructure safety elements considerations included infrastructure projects. International organizations contribute capacity building skills development ensure safe road design, road safety audits, impact assessments. - view high urgency sensitivity issue, governments developing countries development partners, integrate mainstream road safety elements considerations support relevant sustainable development goals targets, including target 3.6 2030 Agenda ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 46 Sustainable Development, relation infrastructure planning projects, . - context, important integrate climate considerations enhance climate change adaptation resilience transport infrastructure. - Governments stakeholders embrace policies, actions effective reducing road safety risks, making cycling walking safe reducing risks motorized -wheelers; prioritize safety adopting technologies autonomous passenger cars automated traffic control systems. - Important input contributions respect road safety matters, international organizations bodies, including Multilateral Development Banks, , . context, UNCTAD expresses readiness continue cooperate, recognizing future work field require renewed efforts funding coordination. 6.3 Data respect road safety, key trend worth noting, increased awareness road statistics timely country information data road fatalities injuries. data sufficient information identify main crashes incidents, consistent comparisons countries. - Data statistics important role play tracking progress implementation sustainable development goals targets agreed indicators.86 - Obtaining data statistics, including technologies, analysis, potential provide previously unavailable depth insight wide range issues related road safety, prioritized. - existing data technology knowledge expertise , risk assessment, employee training, programme monitoring. instance, improved risk assessment, vulnerabilities negative events incidents identified, responsible stakeholders prioritize actions responses reduce risk place. - identifying risks vulnerable areas, gaps training training identified . training effective, customized courses adapted stakeholders’ , policies practices, recommended. - addition, monitoring tracking progress relevant programmes projects general, benefit data, technologies, customized training, contributing improving compliance helping stakeholders achieve set objectives, implementing sustainable development goals. 86 footnote 16 . ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 47 Annex Table 10. Consolidated list Contracting Parties main UN road traffic safety instruments, 30 November 2017 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 94 9 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 96 8 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 94 9 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 96 8 Ag . Ha rm . ec . . 1 95 8 Ag . ni . er . sp ec , 19 97 Ag . Gl . Te . gu .1 99 8 Ag . ar . . od , 1 95 7 Albania Algeria Andorra Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bosnia Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Central African Republic Chile China Congo Costa Rica Cote ’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia European Union ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 48 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 94 9 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 96 8 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 94 9 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 96 8 Ag . Ha rm . ec . . 1 95 8 Ag . ni . er . sp ec , 19 97 Ag . Gl . Te . gu .1 99 8 Ag . ar . . od , 1 95 7 Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Haiti Holy Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic ) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People’ Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Montenegro ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 49 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 94 9 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 96 8 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 94 9 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 96 8 Ag . Ha rm . ec . . 1 95 8 Ag . ni . er . sp ec , 19 97 Ag . Gl . Te . gu .1 99 8 Ag . ar . . od , 1 95 7 Morocco Namibia Netherlands Zealand Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Papua Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic Korea Republic Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Togo Trinidad Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine ROAD SAFETY - CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 50 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 94 9 nv Ro ad Tr af fic , 1 96 8 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 94 9 . Ro ad ig ns & Si gn al , 1 96 8 Ag . Ha rm . ec . . 1 95 8 Ag . ni . er . sp ec , 19 97 Ag . Gl . 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